The court of Córdoba, like that of Baghdad, was open to Muslims, Jews and Christians alike, and one prominent bishop complained that young Christian men were devoting themselves to the study of Arabic, rather than Latin - a reflection of the fact that Arabic, in a surprisingly short time, had become the international language of science, as English has today. Islam, with its tolerance and encouragement of both secular and religious learning, created the necessary climate for the exchange of ideas. It took much more than paper to create an intellectual and scientific culture like that of Islamic Spain, of course. The cultural lag between East and West in the Middle Ages can be attributed partly to the fact that the Arabs had paper, while the Latin West did not. At the same time, that of Córdoba contained 500,000. Gall was the largest in Europe, boasting 36 volumes. ![]() In the ninth century, the library of the monastery of St. In the 12th century, a man sold 120 acres of land in order to buy a single Book of Hours. Books became more available than they had been even in Rome, and incomparably cheaper than they were in the Latin West, where they continued to be written on expensive parchment. The introduction of paper from China in 751 gave an impetus to learning and an excitement about ideas which the world had never before known. Islamic culture was pre-eminently a culture of the book. Scholars from the more sophisticated lands to the east were always assured of a warm reception at the court of Córdoba, where their colleagues would listen avidly for news of what was being discussed in the capital, what people were wearing, what songs were being sung, and - above all - what books were being read. Fashions, both in literature and dress, were imitiative of those current in the Abbasids’ newly founded capital of Baghdad. At first, the culture of the Umayyad court at Córdoba was wholly derivative. ![]() Spain first prospered under the rule of the Umayyads, who established a dynasty there after they had lost the caliphate in the East to the Abbasids. Then, without warning, in the year 711, came the Arabs - to settle, fall in love with the land and create the first civilization Europe had known since the Roman legions gave up the unequal fight against the barbarian hordes. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, Vandals, Huns and Visigoths had pillaged and burned their way through the Iberian Peninsula, establishing ephemeral kingdoms, which lasted only as long as loot poured in, and were then destroyed in their turn. As far as the West was concerned, the Arab invasion did unlock an enchanted palace. These findings demonstrate that the proposed approach offers a feasible tactic to construct high-performance fluoroelastomer for energetic polymer composites.The Medieval Christians of Spain had a legend that Roderick, the last king of the Visigoths, was responsible for unleashing the Arab invasion of the Iberian Peninsula because, in defiance of his plighted word, he unlocked the gates of an enchanted palace he had sworn not to tamper with. As a consequence, the optimal elongation at break, toughness, and Young’s modulus of composites in comparison to pristine fluoroelastomer increased by 171%, 195%, and 114%, respectively. Such interfacial hydrogen bonds acting as sacrificial bonds allowed preferential rupture to dissipate energy. Moreover, interfacial hydrogen bonds were found to appear between fluoroelastomer and TA particles. ![]() By adjusting TA contents, diverse morphologies of TA particles were acquired from spherical shape to flake-like shape. The resultant fluoroelastomer/TA composites exhibited evenly distributed TA particles derived from the self-assembly of TA molecules. In this study, stretchable, tough, and stiff fluoroelastomer was successfully fabricated by introducing hydrogen bonds with the assistance of tannic acid (TA) self-assembly. However, fluoroelastomer suffers from inadequate mechanical properties without ability to satisfy practical application requirements. Fluoroelastomer possesses substantial usages in energetic polymer composites owing to its numerous merits.
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